1. Simple Directional Complements: 来 vs. 去

• 他跑来了。 (He ran over here.)

• 我给他寄去一个包裹。 (I sent a package to him.)

• 来: Action moves towards the speaker.

• 去: Action moves away from the speaker.

• Structure: [Verb] + 来/去

• Examples:

2. Compound Directional Complements: 上来/下去, 进来/出去, 回来/回去, etc.

• 请坐下来。 (Please sit down.)

• 他从房间里走出来。 (He walked out from the room.)

• 飞机飞上去了。 (The plane flew up and away.)

• These are combinations of simple directional complements, expressing both "path/direction" and "coming/going."

• Structure: [Verb] + [上/下/进/出/回/过/起] + 来/去

• Examples:

3. Extended Usage:

• 天气热起来了。 (It's starting to get hot.) -> Indicates the beginning

• 请说下去。 (Please continue speaking.) -> Indicates continuation

• Directional complements can also indicate abstract meanings like the "beginning," "continuation," or "result" of an action.

• Examples:

Summary: When learning directional complements, think about both the physical path/direction of the action and the position relative to the speaker.